Analytical Phytochemical Fingerprinting of Durva Taila (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS): Insights into Potential Wound-Healing Bioactive Constituents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70066/jahm.v14i5.2856Keywords:
Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Durva Taila, GC–MS, Wound, Wound Healing.Abstract
Background: Durva Taila is a formulation which is described in classics for the management of wounds, bleeding, and inflammation. It is being used till now for the treatment of various diseases. As per the classics, sesame oil has to be used in the preparation of Durva Taila but in the present analytical study coconut oil is used as base because it has Madhura rasa and sheeta virya which could have better effects in wound healing. As this formulation lacks a systematic analysis of its chemical composition so by using modern analysis methods, we can provide its true potential in wound care and attain the greater acceptance of this Ayurvedic formulation.
Materials & Methods: A 100ml sample of Durva Taila was prepared, with slight change choosing coconut oil as base instead of Sesame oil, following classical Ayurvedic procedures. Under standard protocols, GC-MS analysis was carried out to recognize volatile and semi-volatile phytoconstituents present in the formulation.
Results & Discussion: The GC-MS analysis revealed a complex mixture of compounds including fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons, aldehydes & phytosterols derivatives. Total 26 key bioactive molecules at different retention time were identified which included 2-Heptanone,2-decenal,(E)-, Glycidyl palmitoleate, Dodecanoic acid (lauric acid), Pentadecanoic acid, δ-dodecalactone, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)-, Pinoresinol, dimethyl ether (also known as (+)-eudesmin), etc. which are well established for their anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive/analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, tissue repairment and regenerative properties. The presence of these multiple bioactive phytoconstituents suggests a cumulative synergistic mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of Durva Taila.
Conclusion: The isolation and identification of these bioactive compounds provides strong scientific evidence supporting the use of Durva Taila in wound healing and inflammation- analgesia management. This further encourages pharmacological and clinical studies in vivo and human trials to validate its potency and delve into potential integration to modern therapeutics.
References
Martinengo L, Olsson M, Bajpai R, Soljak M, Upton Z, Schmidtchen A, Car J, Järbrink K. Prevalence of chronic wounds in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Annals of Epidemiology [Internet]. 2019 Jan;29:8-15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.10.005
Gupta N, Gupta SK, Shukla VK, Singh SP. An Indian community-based epidemiological study of wounds. Journal of Wound Care [Internet]. 2004 Sep;13(8):323-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2004.13.8.26657
Sharma A, Srivastava V, Shankar R, Yadav AK, Ansari MA, Gupta SK. Epidemiological Profile of Chronic Wounds in an Indian Population: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Cureus [Internet]. 2024 Sep;16(9):1-19 Available from: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.68684
Sen CK. Human Wound and Its Burden: Updated 2020 Compendium of Estimates. Advances in Wound Care [Internet]. 2021 May;10(5):281-92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2021.0026
Khanna V, Bhardwaj A, Raina A, Khajuria A, Sharma A. Role of Durvadi Taila in the Management of Sadhyo Vrana | Ayushdhara [Internet]. 2017 Dec;4(4):1292-1296. Available from: https://ayushdhara.in/index.php/ayushdhara/article/view/315
Gangasahaya Pandey (editor). Commentary: Kashinath Shastri Vidyotini on Charaka Samhita by Agnivesha, Part II, Chikitsasthana, chapter 25, Verse no. 93, Reprint edition, Varanasi; Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2018;711
Ambikadutta Shastri (editor). Commentary: Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika on Susruta Samhita of Maharsi Susruta, Part I, Sutrasthana, chapter 46, verse no. 120, 14th edition, Varanasi; Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan;2003;179
Gangasahaya Pandey (editor). Commentary: Kashinath Shastri Vidyotini on Charaka Samhita by Agnivesha, Part I, Sutrasthana, Chapter 26, verse no. 42-1, Reprint edition, Varanasi; Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2018;503-04.
Ambikadutta Shastri (editor). Commentary: Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika on Susruta Samhita of Maharsi Susruta, Sutrasthana, chapter 46, verse no. 112, 14th edition, Varanasi; Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan;2003;178
Gangasahaya Pandey (editor). Commentary: Kashinath Shastri Vidyotini on Charaka Samhita by Agnivesha, Part I, Sutrasthana, chapter 26, verse no. 42-4, Reprint edition, Varanasi; Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2018;506.
Gangasahaya Pandey (editor). Commentary: Kashinath Shastri Vidyotini on Charaka Samhita by Agnivesha, Part II, Chikitsasthana, chapter 04, Verse no. 8-8, Reprint edition, Varanasi; Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2018;78
Keval Krishna Thakral (editor). Commentary: Shri Dalhanacharya evum Shri Gayadas Virachita Vistrut Hindi Vyakhaya on Susruta Samhita of Maharsi Susruta, Part-III, Uttarasthana, chapter 45, verse no. 20, reprint edition, Varanasi; Chaukhambha Orientalia;2023;411
P.V. Sharma & Guru Prasad Sharma (editor & translator). Commentary: Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Pathyapathyavibodhaka, Oshadhi varga- Verse, Second Edition, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2009;1232-33
G.S. Pandey (editor). Commentary: K.C Chunekar on Bhavaprakash Nighantu (Indian Materia Medica) of Shri Bhavamishra, Guduchyadi varga -Verse, Tenth edition, Varanasi; Chaukhambha Bharati Academy;1995;174
Ambikadutta Shastri (editor). Commentary: Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika on Susruta Samhita of Maharsi Susruta, Part I, Chikitsasthana, chapter 02, verse no. 91, Reprint edition, Varanasi; Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan;2016;26
Mostafa, D., Alarawi, R., AlHowitiy, S., AlKathiri, N., Alhussain, R., Almohammadi, R., & Alhussain, R. (2022). The effectiveness of microneedling technique using coconut and sesame oils on the severity of gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation: A randomized clinical trial. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research.2022 June;8:1249–1258. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.618
Papachristoforou A, Kagiava A, Papaefthimiou C, Termentzi A, Fokialakis N, Skaltsounis AL, Watkins M, Arnold G, Theophilidis G. The Bite of the Honeybee: 2-Heptanone Secreted from Honeybee Mandibles during a Bite Acts as a Local Anaesthetic in Insects and Mammals. PLoS ONE [Internet]. 2012 Oct;7(10):e47432. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047432
Saccà ML, Bianchi G, Lo Scalzo R. Biosynthesis of 2-Heptanone, a Volatile Organic Compound with a Protective Role against Honey Bee Pathogens, by Hive Associated Bacteria. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2021 Oct;9(11):1-13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112218
Kačániová M, Galovičová L, Ivanišová E, Vukovic NL, Štefániková J, Valková V, Borotová P, Žiarovská J, Terentjeva M, Felšöciová S, Tvrdá E. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods. Foods [Internet]. 2020 Mar;9(3):282. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030282
Wu X, Wei F, Ding F, Yang N, Niu J, Ran Y, Tian M. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-enzymatic properties of Alpinia coriandriodora (sweet ginger) rhizome. Frontiers in Plant Science [Internet]. 2023 Oct;14:1-14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1284931
M A, I MA, Ramalingam K, Shanmugam R. Biomedical Applications of Lauric Acid: A Narrative Review. Cureus [Internet]. 2024 Jun;16(6):1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.62770
Nirmal CR, Rajadas SE, Balasubramanian M, Magdaline D, Chilamakuru NB, Dinesh R, Radhakrishnan A, Paraman R, Mondal R, Dusthackeer VN. Dodecanoic acid & palmitic acid disarms rifampicin resistance by putatively targeting mycobacterial efflux pump Rv1218c. Indian Journal of Medical Research [Internet]. 2023 Feb-Mar;157(2&3):192-203. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1610_22
Pan S, Zou Z, Zhou X, Wei J, Liu H, Su Z, Liao G, Huang G, Huang Z, Xu Y, Lu M, Gu R. Therapeutic impacts of GNE 477 loaded H2O2 stimulus responsive dodecanoic acid phenylborate ester dextran polymeric micelles on osteosarcoma. International Journal of Molecular Medicine [Internet]. 2024 Jun;54(2):1-13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2024.5393
Yabani DS, Ofosu IW, Ankar-Brewoo GM, Lutterodt HE. Exposure to Dietary Glycidyl and 3-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters and Associated Burden of Cancer in Selected Asian and European Countries: A Review and Data Synthesis. Environmental Health Insights [Internet]. 2024 Jan10; 18:1-17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302241277628
Chaturvedi S, Singh T, Fatima H, Maurya AC, Dutta T, Khare SK. Lactones as promising biofilm inhibitors: disrupting bacterial communication for Next-Gen therapies. Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology [Internet]. 2025 Aug:1-11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2025.2551375
Hashemi M, Ehsani A, Hosseini Jazani N, Aliakbarlu J, Mahmoudi M. PubMed [Internet]. Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oil and methanol extract of Echinophora platyloba D.C against some of food-borne pathogenic bacteria - Veterinary Research Forum PubMed. 2013 Jun;4(2):123-127. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25653784/.
Venn-Watson S, Schork NJ. Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0), an Essential Fatty Acid, Shares Clinically Relevant Cell-Based Activities with Leading Longevity-Enhancing Compounds. Nutrients [Internet]. 2023 Oct 30;15(21):4607. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214607
Robinson MK, Lee E, Ugalde-Nicalo PA, Skonieczny JW, Chun LF, Newton KP, Schwimmer JB. C15:0 Supplementation in Young Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Nutrition [Internet]. 2024 Jul;154(9):2763-2771. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.030
Venn-Watson S, Lumpkin R, Dennis EA. Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: could it be essential? Scientific Reports [Internet]. 2020 May 18;10(1):8161. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64960-y
Ratishkumar Patel M, Saddam A, Golaviya A, Ramdas Singh W, Sharma A, Kumawat S, Kumar D. GC-MS Analysis and Wound Healing Potential of Ficus racemosa L. Gum in Wistar Albino Rats. Acta Sci Vet Sci [Internet]. 2022 Dec;4(12):203-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.31080/asvs.2022.04.0579
Swapna sonale R, Ramalakshmi K, Udaya Sankar K. Characterization of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed volatile compounds obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide process. J Food Sci Technol [Internet]. 2018 Feb;55(4):1444-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3060-y
Karve T, Banga AK. Comparative evaluation of physical and chemical enhancement techniques for transdermal delivery of linagliptin. International Journal of Pharmaceutics [Internet]. 2024 Apr;654:123992. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123992
Orienti I, Zuccari G, Bergamante V, Fini A, Carosio R, Montaldo PG. Enhancement of Oleyl Alcohol Anti Tumor Activity through Complexation in Polyvinylalcohol Amphiphilic Derivatives. Drug Delivery [Internet]. 2007 Jan;14(4):209-17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10717540601036898
Ingólfsson HI, Andersen OS. Alcohol's Effects on Lipid Bilayer Properties. Biophysical Journal [Internet]. 2011 Aug;101(4):847-55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2011.07.013
Alqahtani FY, Aleanizy FS, Mahmoud AZ, Farshori NN, Alfaraj R, Al-sheddi ES, Alsarra IA. Chemical composition and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Lepidium sativum seed oil. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences [Internet]. 2019 Jul;26(5):1089-92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.05.007
Taiyeb M, Hartati H, Arwansyah A, Dahlia, Muis A, Mu'nisa A, Arif AR, Salleh LM. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulation and molecular docking of mahogany seed extract (Swietenia mahagoni) as anti-hyperglycemic. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics[Internet]. 2025 Feb;20(2):373-381. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2024.101517
Krátký M, Vinšová J. Antifungal Activity of Salicylanilides and Their Esters with 4-(Trifluoromethyl) benzoic Acid. Molecules [Internet]. 2012 Aug;17(8):9426-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089426
Boger DL, Henriksen SJ, Cravatt BF. Oleamide: An Endogenous Sleep-inducing Lipid and Prototypical Member of a New Class of Biological Signaling Molecules. Current Pharmaceutical Design [Internet]. 1998 Aug;4(4):303-14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2174/138161280404221010152220
Mendelson W. The Hypnotic Actions of the Fatty Acid Amide, Oleamide. Neuropsychopharmacology [Internet]. 2001 Nov;25(5):S36—S39. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00341-4
Muzahid AA, Sharmin S, Hossain MS, Ahamed KU, Ahmed N, Yeasmin MS, Ahmed NU, Saha BK, Rana GM, Maitra B, Bhuiyan MN. Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Present in Different Crude Extracts of Benincasa Hispida and Cucurbita Moschata Seeds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Heliyon [Internet]. 2022 Jan;9(1):1-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12702
Sarma R, Adhikari K, Mahanta S, Khanikor B. Insecticidal activities of Citrus aurantifolia essential oil against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Toxicology Reports [Internet]. 2019 Oct;6:1091-1096. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.009
Galanty A, Grudzińska M, Paździora W, Paśko P. Erucic Acid—Both Sides of the Story: A Concise Review on Its Beneficial and Toxic Properties. Molecules [Internet]. 2023 Feb;28(4):1-11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041924
Kumar, V., Bhatt, V., Kumar, N. (2018). “Chapter 9 - amides from plants: Structures and biological importance,” in Studies in natural products chemistry, vol. 56 . Ed. Atta ur, R. (Amsterdam Netherlands: Elsevier), 2018; 56:287–333. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64058-1.00009-1
Farhan N, Rageh Al-Maleki A, Ataei S, Muhamad Sarih N, Yahya R. Synthesis, DFT study, theoretical and experimental spectroscopy of fatty amides based on extra-virgin olive oil and their antibacterial activity. Bioorganic Chemistry [Internet]. 2023 Jun;135:106511. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106511
Lin Y, Xu J, Jia Q, Sun W, Fu J, Lv Y, Han S. Cell membrane chromatography coupled online with LC‐MS to screen anti‐anaphylactoid components from Magnolia biondii Pamp targeting on Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor X2. Journal of Separation Science [Internet]. 2020 May;43(13):2571-2578. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.202000014
Feng WS, He YH, Zheng XK, Dong BB, Zhang YL, Cao YG, Yang YY, Zhang JK. Lignans from flower buds of Magnolia biondii. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2018 Mar;43(5):970-976. Available from: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.2018.0028.
Luelf UJ, Wassing A, Böhmer LM, Urlacher VB. Plasmid-free production of the plant lignan pinoresinol in growing Escherichia coli cells. Microbial Cell Factories [Internet]. 2024 Oct;23(1):1-12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-024-02562-3
Šimat V, Skroza D, Tabanelli G, Čagalj M, Pasini F, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Fernández-Fernández C, Sterniša M, Smole Možina S, Ozogul Y, Generalić Mekinić I. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Hydroethanolic Leaf Extracts from Six Mediterranean Olive Cultivars. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2022 Aug;11(9):1656. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091656
Hoda S, Gupta L, Shankar J, Gupta AK, Vijayaraghavan P. cis-9-Hexadecenal, a Natural Compound Targeting Cell Wall Organization, Critical Growth Factor, and Virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. ACS Omega [Internet]. 2020 Apr;5(17):10077-88. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00615
Alves J, Gaspar H, Silva J, Alves C, Martins A, Teodoro F, Susano P, Pinteus S, Pedrosa R. Unravelling the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of the Marine Sponge Cliona celata from the Portuguese Coastline. Marine Drugs [Internet]. 2021 Nov;19(11):632. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/md19110632
Hoda S, Gupta L, Agarwal H, Raj G, Vermani M, Vijayaraghavan P. Inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilm and Cytotoxicity Study of Natural Compound Cis-9-Hexadecenal. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology [Internet]. 2019 Jun;13(2):1207-16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.22207/jpam.13.2.61
Chaudhary J. Preservative Evaluation of Caprylic Acid Derivatives in Aluminium Hydroxide Gel – USP. Scientia Pharmaceutica [Internet]. 2008 Sep ;76(3):533-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.0807-24
Kim JJ, Kim HK. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Caprylic Acid Vanillyl Ester Produced by Lipase-Mediated Transesterification. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology [Internet]. 2021 Feb;31(2): 317-326. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2010.10018
Martić A, Čižmek L, Ul’yanovskii NV, Paradžik T, Perković L, Matijević G, Vujović T, Baković M, Babić S, Kosyakov DS, Trebše P, Čož-Rakovac R. Intra-Species Variations of Bioactive Compounds of Two Dictyota Species from the Adriatic Sea: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Dermatological, Dietary, and Neuroprotective Potential. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2023 Apr;12(4):857. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040857
Hameed I, Altameme H, Mohammed G. Evaluation of Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity and Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemical Compounds of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum (Cinnamon Bark) using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Orient Journal of Chemistry [Internet]. 2016 Aug;32(4):1769-88. Available from: https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/320406
M Sahi N. University of Babylon Private CDN [Internet]. Evaluation of insecticidal activity of bioactive compounds from Eucalyptus citriodora against Tribolium castaneum.; 2016 Aug;8(8): 1256-1270 Available
from: https://cdnx.uobabylon.edu.iq/research/repository1_publication175112_12_1724.pdf
Khatun I, Clark RW, Vera NB, Kou K, Erion DM, Coskran T, Bobrowski WF, Okerberg C, Goodwin B. Characterization of a Novel Intestinal Glycerol-3-phosphate Acyltransferase Pathway and Its Role in Lipid Homeostasis. J Biol Chem [Internet]. 2015 Dec;291(6):2602-15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m115.683359
Kolczynska K, Loza-Valdes A, Hawro I, Sumara G. Diacylglycerol-evoked activation of PKC and PKD isoforms in regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism: a review. Lipids in Health Disease [Internet]. 2020 May;19(1):1-15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01286-8
Nicolussi S, Viveros-Paredes JM, Gachet MS, Rau M, Flores-Soto ME, Blunder M, Gertsch J. Guineensine is a novel inhibitor of endocannabinoid uptake showing cannabimimetic behavioral effects in BALB/c mice. Pharmacological Research [Internet]. 2014 Feb;80:52-65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.010
Reynoso-Moreno I, Najar-Guerrero I, Escareño N, Flores-Soto ME, Gertsch J, Viveros-Paredes JM. An Endocannabinoid Uptake Inhibitor from Black Pepper Exerts Pronounced Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry [Internet]. 2017 Oct;65(43):9435-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02979
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Y M Santosh , Tarun Pawar, Bhawana Yadav
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright of their work and grant the Journal of Ayurveda and Holistic Medicine (JAHM) the right of first publication. All published articles are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license, which permits non-commercial sharing, use, distribution, and adaptation with proper attribution and the same license terms.
JAHM ensures free, irrevocable, worldwide access to its content. Users may copy, distribute, display, and share published works for non-commercial purposes with appropriate credit to the author(s) and the journal. Limited printed copies for personal, non-commercial use are allowed under the same license.
If a submission is not accepted for publication, the author(s) will be notified.
By submitting, authors confirm that the work is original, that all listed authors have contributed and approved it, and that it does not infringe any third-party rights or duplicate work submitted elsewhere.
